What is the integral of 1/((1+x+x^2)) ?

The integral of 1/((1+x+x^2)) is 2/(sqrt(3))arctan((2x+1)/(sqrt(3)))+C

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integral of 1/((1+x+x^2))

\int \frac{1}{( 1 + x + x ^{2} )} d x

\frac{2}{3} arctan (\frac{2 x + 1}{3}) + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{1}{1 + x + x ^{2}} d x

Complete the square

1 + x + x^{2} : (x + \frac{1}{2})^{2} + \frac{3}{4}

= \int \frac{1}{( x + \frac{1}{2} ) ^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} d x

Apply u-substitution

: \int \frac{4}{4 u ^{2} + 3} d u

= \int \frac{4}{4 u ^{2} + 3} d u

Take the constant out:

\int a \cdot f (x) d x = a \cdot \int f (x) d x

= 4 \cdot \int \frac{1}{4 u ^{2} + 3} d u

Apply Integral Substitution

= 4 \cdot \int \frac{1}{2 3 ( v ^{2} + 1 )} d v

Take the constant out:

\int a \cdot f (x) d x = a \cdot \int f (x) d x

= 4 \cdot \frac{1}{2 3} \cdot \int \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} d v

Use the common integral:

\int \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} d v = arctan (v)

= 4 \cdot \frac{1}{2 3} arctan (v)

Substitute back

= 4 \cdot \frac{1}{2 3} arctan (\frac{2}{3} (x + \frac{1}{2}))

Simplify

4 \cdot \frac{1}{2 3} arctan (\frac{2}{3} (x + \frac{1}{2})) : \frac{2}{3} arctan (\frac{2 x + 1}{3})

= \frac{2}{3} arctan (\frac{2 x + 1}{3})

Add a constant to the solution

= \frac{2}{3} arctan (\frac{2 x + 1}{3}) + C

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What is the integral of 1/((1+x+x^2)) ?
The integral of 1/((1+x+x^2)) is 2/(sqrt(3))arctan((2x+1)/(sqrt(3)))+C