What is the integral of (cos(x)-1)^2 ?

The integral of (cos(x)-1)^2 is 3/2 x+1/4 sin(2x)-2sin(x)+C

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integral of (cos(x)-1)^2

\int (cos (x) - 1)^{2} d x

\frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} sin (2 x) - 2 sin (x) + C

Solution steps

\int (cos (x) - 1)^{2} d x

Expand

(cos (x) - 1)^{2} : cos^{2} (x) - 2 cos (x) + 1

= \int cos^{2} (x) - 2 cos (x) + 1 d x

Apply the Sum Rule:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \int cos^{2} (x) d x - \int 2 cos (x) d x + \int 1 d x

\int cos^{2} (x) d x = \frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} sin (2 x))

\int 2 cos (x) d x = 2 sin (x)

\int 1 d x = x

= \frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} sin (2 x)) - 2 sin (x) + x

Simplify

\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} sin (2 x)) - 2 sin (x) + x : \frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} sin (2 x) - 2 sin (x)

= \frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} sin (2 x) - 2 sin (x)

Add a constant to the solution

= \frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} sin (2 x) - 2 sin (x) + C

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What is the integral of (cos(x)-1)^2 ?
The integral of (cos(x)-1)^2 is 3/2 x+1/4 sin(2x)-2sin(x)+C