What is the integral of (cos^2(x))/(sin^2(x)) ?

The integral of (cos^2(x))/(sin^2(x)) is -cot(x)-x+C

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integral of (cos^2(x))/(sin^2(x))

integral

\frac{cos ^{2} ( x )}{sin ^{2} ( x )}

- cot (x) - x + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{cos ^{2} ( x )}{sin ^{2} ( x )} d x

Rewrite using trig identities

= \int \frac{1 - sin ^{2} ( x )}{sin ^{2} ( x )} d x

Expand

\frac{1 - sin ^{2} ( x )}{sin ^{2} ( x )} : \frac{1}{sin ^{2} ( x )} - 1

= \int \frac{1}{sin ^{2} ( x )} - 1 d x

Apply the Sum Rule:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \int \frac{1}{sin ^{2} ( x )} d x - \int 1 d x

\int \frac{1}{sin ^{2} ( x )} d x = - cot (x)

\int 1 d x = x

= - cot (x) - x

Add a constant to the solution

= - cot (x) - x + C

\frac{1}{( x ^{2} - 1 )}

\frac{1}{( x ^{2} + 3 )}

\frac{x ^{- 1}}{x ^{2}}

- sin^{2} (x) + tan^{2} (x)

\frac{x ^{2}}{( x ^{2} + 1 )}

What is the integral of (cos^2(x))/(sin^2(x)) ?
The integral of (cos^2(x))/(sin^2(x)) is -cot(x)-x+C