Introduction to Properties of Logarithms
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:- Rewrite a logarithmic expression using the power rule, product rule, or quotient rule.
- Expand logarithmic expressions using a combination of logarithm rules.
- Condense logarithmic expressions using logarithm rules.
- Expand a logarithm using a combination of logarithm rules.
- Condense a logarithmic expression into one logarithm.
- Rewrite logarithms with a different base using the change of base formula.
The pH of hydrochloric acid is tested with litmus paper. (credit: David Berardan)
In chemistry, pH is used as a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. Substances with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic and substances with a pH greater than 7 are said to be alkaline. Our bodies, for instance, must maintain a pH close to 7.35 in order for enzymes to work properly. To get a feel for what is acidic and what is alkaline, consider the following pH levels of some common substances:
- Battery acid: 0.8
- Stomach acid: 2.7
- Orange juice: 3.3
- Pure water: 7 (at 25° C)
- Human blood: 7.35
- Fresh coconut: 7.8
- Sodium hydroxide (lye): 14
[latex]\begin{array}{lll}\text{pH} & = -\mathrm{log}\left(\left[{H}^{+}\right]\right)\hfill \\ \text{} & =\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{1}{\left[{H}^{+}\right]}\right)\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
[latex]-\mathrm{log}\left(\left[{H}^{+}\right]\right)[/latex] is equal to [latex]\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{1}{\left[{H}^{+}\right]}\right)[/latex] due to one of the logarithm properties we will examine in this section.Licenses & Attributions
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- College Algebra. Provided by: OpenStax Authored by: Abramson, Jay et al.. License: CC BY: Attribution. License terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].