Stretching, Compressing, or Reflecting an Exponential Function
Learning Outcomes
- Graph a stretched or compressed exponential function.
- Graph a reflected exponential function.
- Write the equation of an exponential function that has been transformed.
A General Note: Stretches and Compressions of the Parent Function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex]
The function [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x}[/latex]- is stretched vertically by a factor of a if [latex]|a|>1[/latex].
- is compressed vertically by a factor of a if [latex]|a|<1[/latex].
- has a y-intercept is [latex]\left(0,a\right)[/latex].
- has a horizontal asymptote of [latex]y=0[/latex], range of [latex]\left(0,\infty \right)[/latex], and domain of [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex] which are all unchanged from the parent function.
tip for success
Exponential functions are stretched, compressed or reflected in the same manner you've used to transform other functions. Multipliers or negatives inside the function argument (in the exponent) affect horizontal transformations. Multipliers or negatives outside the function argument affect vertical transformations.Example: Graphing the Stretch of an Exponential Function
Sketch a graph of [latex]f\left(x\right)=4{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}[/latex]. State the domain, range, and asymptote.Answer: Before graphing, identify the behavior and key points on the graph.
- Since [latex]b=\frac{1}{2}[/latex] is between zero and one, the left tail of the graph will increase without bound as x decreases, and the right tail will approach the x-axis as x increases.
- Since a = 4, the graph of [latex]f\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^{x}[/latex] will be stretched vertically by a factor of 4.
- Create a table of points:
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 [latex]f\left(x\right)=4\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{x}[/latex] 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 - Plot the y-intercept, [latex]\left(0,4\right)[/latex], along with two other points. We can use [latex]\left(-1,8\right)[/latex] and [latex]\left(1,2\right)[/latex].
- Draw a smooth curve connecting the points.
Try It
Use an online graphing tool to sketch the graph of [latex]f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}{\left(4\right)}^{x}[/latex]. State the domain, range, and asymptote.Answer: The domain is [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex]; the range is [latex]\left(0,\infty \right)[/latex]; the horizontal asymptote is [latex]y=0[/latex].
[ohm_question]129498[/ohm_question]Graphing Reflections
In addition to shifting, compressing, and stretching a graph, we can also reflect it about the x-axis or the y-axis. When we multiply the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex] by –1, we get a reflection about the x-axis. When we multiply the input by –1, we get a reflection about the y-axis. For example, if we begin by graphing the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={2}^{x}[/latex], we can then graph the two reflections alongside it. The reflection about the x-axis, [latex]g\left(x\right)={-2}^{x}[/latex], and the reflection about the y-axis, [latex]h\left(x\right)={2}^{-x}[/latex], are both shown below.A General Note: Reflecting the Parent Function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex]
The function [latex]f\left(x\right)=-{b}^{x}[/latex]- reflects the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex] about the x-axis.
- has a y-intercept of [latex]\left(0,-1\right)[/latex].
- has a range of [latex]\left(-\infty ,0\right)[/latex].
- has a horizontal asymptote of [latex]y=0[/latex] and domain of [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex] which are unchanged from the parent function.
- reflects the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex] about the y-axis.
- has a y-intercept of [latex]\left(0,1\right)[/latex], a horizontal asymptote at [latex]y=0[/latex], a range of [latex]\left(0,\infty \right)[/latex], and a domain of [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex] which are unchanged from the parent function.
Example: Writing and Graphing the Reflection of an Exponential Function
Find and graph the equation for a function, [latex]g\left(x\right)[/latex], that reflects [latex]f\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x}[/latex] about the x-axis. State its domain, range, and asymptote.Answer: Since we want to reflect the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x}[/latex] about the x-axis, we multiply [latex]f\left(x\right)[/latex] by –1 to get [latex]g\left(x\right)=-{\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}^{x}[/latex]. Next we create a table of points.
[latex]x[/latex] | –3 | –2 | –1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
[latex]g\left(x\right)=-\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^{x}[/latex] | –64 | –16 | –4 | –1 | –0.25 | –0.0625 | –0.0156 |
Try It
Use an online graphing calculator to graph the equation for a function, [latex]g\left(x\right)[/latex], that reflects [latex]f\left(x\right)={1.25}^{x}[/latex] about the y-axis. State its domain, range, and asymptote.Answer: The domain is [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex]; the range is [latex]\left(0,\infty \right)[/latex]; the horizontal asymptote is [latex]y=0[/latex].
Summarizing Transformations of the Exponential Function
Now that we have worked with each type of translation for the exponential function, we can summarize them to arrive at the general equation for transforming exponential functions. 1, and notes the following changes: the reflected function is decreasing as x moves from 0 to infinity, the asymptote remains x=0, the x-intercept remains (1, 0), the key point changes to (b^(-1), 1), the domain remains (0, infinity), and the range remains (-infinity, infinity). The second column shows the left shift of the equation g(x)=log_b(x) when b>1, and notes the following changes: the reflected function is decreasing as x moves from 0 to infinity, the asymptote remains x=0, the x-intercept changes to (-1, 0), the key point changes to (-b, 1), the domain changes to (-infinity, 0), and the range remains (-infinity, infinity).">Transformations of the Parent Function [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x}[/latex] | |
---|---|
Translation | Form |
Shift
|
[latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{x+c}+d[/latex] |
Stretch and Compress
|
[latex]f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x}[/latex] |
Reflect about the x-axis | [latex]f\left(x\right)=-{b}^{x}[/latex] |
Reflect about the y-axis | [latex]f\left(x\right)={b}^{-x}={\left(\frac{1}{b}\right)}^{x}[/latex] |
General equation for all transformations | [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d[/latex] |
A General Note: Transformations of Exponential Functions
A transformation of an exponential function has the form [latex] f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d[/latex], where the parent function, [latex]y={b}^{x}[/latex], [latex]b>1[/latex], is- shifted horizontally c units to the left.
- stretched vertically by a factor of |a| if |a| > 0.
- compressed vertically by a factor of |a| if 0 < |a| < 1.
- shifted vertically d units.
- reflected about the x-axis when a < 0.
Example: Writing a Function from a Description
Write the equation for the function described below. Give the horizontal asymptote, domain, and range.- [latex]f\left(x\right)={e}^{x}[/latex] is vertically stretched by a factor of 2, reflected across the y-axis, and then shifted up 4 units.
Answer: We want to find an equation of the general form [latex] f\left(x\right)=a{b}^{x+c}+d[/latex]. We use the description provided to find a, b, c, and d.
- We are given the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={e}^{x}[/latex], so b = e.
- The function is stretched by a factor of 2, so a = 2.
- The function is reflected about the y-axis. We replace x with –x to get: [latex]{e}^{-x}[/latex].
- The graph is shifted vertically 4 units, so d = 4.
[latex]\begin{array}{llll}f\left(x\right)\hfill & =a{b}^{x+c}+d\hfill \\ \hfill & =2{e}^{-x+0}+4\hfill \\ \hfill & =2{e}^{-x}+4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
The domain is [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex]; the range is [latex]\left(4,\infty \right)[/latex]; the horizontal asymptote is [latex]y=4[/latex].Try It
Write the equation for the function described below. Give the horizontal asymptote, the domain, and the range.- [latex]f\left(x\right)={e}^{x}[/latex] is compressed vertically by a factor of [latex]\frac{1}{3}[/latex], reflected across the x-axis, and then shifted down 2 units.
Answer: [latex]f\left(x\right)=-\frac{1}{3}{e}^{x}-2[/latex]; the domain is [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)[/latex]; the range is [latex]\left(-\infty ,2\right)[/latex]; the horizontal asymptote is [latex]y=2[/latex].
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- Question ID 129498. Authored by: Day, Alyson. License: CC BY: Attribution. License terms: IMathAS Community LicenseCC-BY + GPL.
- College Algebra. Provided by: OpenStax Authored by: Abramson, Jay et al.. Located at: https://openstax.org/books/college-algebra/pages/1-introduction-to-prerequisites. License: CC BY: Attribution. License terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].