Polynomial Functions
Learning Objectives
- Introduction to polynomial functions
- Identify polynomial functions
- Identify the degree and leading coefficient of a polynomial function
- Add and subtract polynomial functions
Identify polynomial functions
We have introduced polynomials and functions, so now we will combine these ideas to describe polynomial functions. Polynomials are algebraic expressions that are created by summing monomial terms, such as [latex]-3x^2[/latex], where the exponents are only integers. Functions are a specific type of relation in which each input value has one and only one output value. Polynomial functions have all of these characteristics as well as a domain and range, and corresponding graphs. In this section we will identify and evaluate polynomial functions. Because of the form of a polynomial function, we can see an infinite variety in the number of terms and the power of the variable. When we introduced polynomials, we presented the following: [latex]4x^3-9x^2+6x[/latex]. We can turn this into a polynomial function by using function notation:[latex]f(x)=4x^3-9x^2+6x[/latex]
Polynomial functions are written with the leading term first, and all other terms in descending order as a matter of convention. In the first example, we will identify some basic characteristics of polynomial functions.
Example
Which of the following are polynomial functions?
Answer:
The first two functions are examples of polynomial functions because they contain powers that are non-negative integers and the coefficients are real numbers.
- [latex]f\left(x\right)[/latex] can be written as [latex]f\left(x\right)=6{x}^{4}+4[/latex].
- [latex]g\left(x\right)[/latex] can be written as [latex]g\left(x\right)=-{x}^{3}+4x[/latex].
- [latex]h\left(x\right)=5\sqrt{x}+2[/latex] is not a polynomial because the variable is under a square root - therefore the exponent is not a positive integer.
Define the degree and leading coefficient of a polynomial function
Just as we identified the degree of a polynomial, we can identify the degree of a polynomial function. To review: the degree of the polynomial is the highest power of the variable that occurs in the polynomial; the leading term is the term containing the highest power of the variable, or the term with the highest degree. The leading coefficient is the coefficient of the leading term.Example
Identify the degree, leading term, and leading coefficient of the following polynomial functions.Answer:
For the function [latex]f\left(x\right)[/latex], the highest power of x is 3, so the degree is 3. The leading term is the term containing that degree, [latex]-4{x}^{3}[/latex]. The leading coefficient is the coefficient of that term, –4.
For the function [latex]g\left(t\right)[/latex], the highest power of t is 5, so the degree is 5. The leading term is the term containing that degree, [latex]5{t}^{5}[/latex]. The leading coefficient is the coefficient of that term, 5.
For the function [latex]h\left(p\right)[/latex], the highest power of p is 3, so the degree is 3. The leading term is the term containing that degree, [latex]-{p}^{3}[/latex]; the leading coefficient is the coefficient of that term, –1.
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Plotting polynomial functions using tables of values can be misleading because of some of the inherent characteristics of polynomials. Additionally, the algebra of finding points like x-intercepts for higher degree polynomials can get very messy and oftentimes impossible to find by hand. We have therefore developed some techniques for describing the general behavior of polynomial graphs. Polynomial functions of degree 2 or more have graphs that do not have sharp corners these types of graphs are called smooth curves. Polynomial functions also display graphs that have no breaks. Curves with no breaks are called continuous. The figure below shows a graph that represents a polynomial function and a graph that represents a function that is not a polynomial. Now you try it.Example
Which of the graphs below represents a polynomial function?Answer:
The graphs of f and h are graphs of polynomial functions. They are smooth and continuous.
The graphs of g and k are graphs of functions that are not polynomials. The graph of function g has a sharp corner. The graph of function k is not continuous.
Q & A
Do all polynomial functions have as their domain all real numbers?
Yes. Any real number is a valid input for a polynomial function.
Identifying the shape of the graph of a polynomial function
Knowing the degree of a polynomial function is useful in helping us predict what it's graph will look like. Because the power of the leading term is the highest, that term will grow significantly faster than the other terms as x gets very large or very small, so its behavior will dominate the graph. For any polynomial, the graph of the polynomial will match the end behavior of the term of highest degree.
As an example we compare the outputs of a degree 2 polynomial and a degree 5 polynomial in the following table.x | [latex]f(x)=2x^2-2x+4[/latex] | [latex]g(x)=x^5+2x^3-12x+3[/latex] |
1 | 4 | 8 |
10 | 184 | 98117 |
100 | 19804 | 9998001197 |
1000 | 1998004 | 9999980000000000 |
Even degree polynomials
In the figure below, we show the graphs of [latex]f\left(x\right)={x}^{2},g\left(x\right)={x}^{4}[/latex] and [latex]\text{and}h\left(x\right)={x}^{6}[/latex], which are all have even degrees. Notice that these graphs have similar shapes, very much like that of a quadratic function. However, as the power increases, the graphs flatten somewhat near the origin and become steeper away from the origin.
Odd degree polynomials
The next figure shows the graphs of [latex]f\left(x\right)={x}^{3},g\left(x\right)={x}^{5},\text{and}h\left(x\right)={x}^{7}[/latex], which are all odd degree functions.
Notice that one arm of the graph points down and the other points up. This is because when your input is negative, you will get a negative output if the degree is odd. The following table of values shows this.
x | [latex]f(x)=x^4[/latex] | [latex]h(x)=x^5[/latex] |
-1 | 1 | -1 |
-2 | 16 | -32 |
-3 | 81 | -243 |
Example
Identify whether graph represents a polynomial function that has a degree that is even or odd. a) b)Answer: a) Both arms of this polynomial point upward, similar to a quadratic polynomial, therefore the degree must be even. If you apply negative inputs to an even degree polynomial you will get positive outputs back. b) As the inputs of this polynomial become more negative the outputs also become negative, the only way this is possible is with an odd degree polynomial. Therefore, this polynomial must have odd degree. Put Answer Here
The sign of the leading term
What would happen if we change the sign of the leading term of an even degree polynomial? For example, let's say that the leading term of a polynomial is [latex]-3x^4[/latex]. We will use a table of values to compare the outputs for a polynomial with leading term [latex]-3x^4[/latex], and [latex]3x^4[/latex].x | [latex]-3x^4[/latex] | [latex]3x^4[/latex] |
-2 | -48 | 48 |
-1 | -3 | 3 |
0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | -3 | 3 |
2 | -48 | 48 |
Example
Identify whether the leading term is positive or negative and whether the degree is even or odd for the following graphs of polynomial functions. a) b)Answer: a) Both arms of this polynomial point in the same direction so it must have an even degree. The leading term of the polynomial must be negative since the arms are pointing downward. b) The arms of this polynomial point in different directions, so the degree must be odd. As the inputs get really big and positive, the outputs get really big and negative, so the leading coefficient must be negative.
Add and subtract polynomial functions
Adding and subtracting polynomial functions is the same as adding and subtracting polynomials. When you evaluate a sum or difference of functions, you can either evaluate first, or perform the operation on the functions first, as we will see. Our next examples describe the notation used to add and subtract polynomial functions.Example
For [latex]f(x)=2x^3-5x+3[/latex] and [latex]h(x)=x-5[/latex], Find the following: [latex-display](f+h)(x)[/latex] and [latex](h-f)(x)[/latex-display]Answer: [latex-display]\begin{array}{ccc}(f+h)(x)=f(x)+ h(x)(2x^3-5x+3)+(x-5)\\=2x^3-5x+3+x-5\,\,\,\,\,\text{combine like terms}\\=2x^3-4x-2\,\,\,\,\,\text{simplify}\end{array}[/latex-display] [latex-display]\begin{array}{ccc}(h-f)(x)=h(x)-f(x)=(x-5)-(2x^3-5x+3)\\=x-5-2x^2+5x-3\,\,\,\,\,\,\text{combine like terms}\\=-2x^2+6x-8\,\,\,\,\,\text{simplify}\end{array}[/latex-display]
Example
For [latex]f(x)=2x^3-5x+3[/latex] and [latex]h(x)=x-5[/latex] Evaluate: [latex](f+h)(2)[/latex] Show that you get the same result by 1)evaluating the functions first, then performing the indicated operation on the result and 2) performing the operation on the functions first, then evaluating the resultAnswer: 1)[latex](f+h)(2)[/latex] First, we will evaluate the functions separately: [latex-display]f(2)=2(2)^3-5(2)+3=16-10+3=9[/latex-display] [latex-display]h(2)=(2)-5=-3[/latex-display] Now we will perform the indicated operation using the results: [latex-display](f+h)(2)=f(2)+h(2)=9+(-3)=6[/latex-display] 2) We can get the same result by adding the functions first, then evaluating the result at x=2 [latex](f+h)(x)=f(x)+h(x)=2x^3-4x-2[/latex] from above. Now we can evaluate this result at x=2 [latex-display](f+h)(2)=2(2)^3-4(2)-2=16-8-2=6[/latex-display] Both methods give the same result, and both require about the same amount of work.
Licenses & Attributions
CC licensed content, Original
- Determine if a Function is a Polynomial Function. Authored by: James Sousa (Mathispower4u.com) for Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution.
- Degree, Leading Term, and Leading Coefficient of a Polynomial Function. Authored by: James Sousa (Mathispower4u.com) for Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution.
- Revision and Adaptation. Provided by: Lumen Learning License: CC BY: Attribution.
CC licensed content, Shared previously
- College Algebra. Provided by: Open Stax Authored by: Abramson, Jay, et al. Located at: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:1/Preface. License: CC BY: Attribution. License terms: Download fro free at : http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:1/Preface.