Example

Simplify.

[latex]\displaystyle\dfrac{\,\frac{12}{35}\,}{\,\frac{6}{7}\,}[/latex]

Answer: Rewrite the complex fraction as a division problem.

[latex]\displaystyle\large \frac{\,\frac{12}{35}\,}{\,\frac{6}{7}\,}=\normalsize\frac{12}{35}\div \frac{6}{7}[/latex]

Rewrite the division as multiplication and take the reciprocal of the divisor.

[latex] =\frac{12}{35}\cdot \frac{7}{6}[/latex]

Factor the numerator and denominator looking for common factors before multiplying numbers together.

[latex] \begin{array}{l}=\frac{2\cdot 6\cdot 7}{5\cdot 7\cdot 6}\\\\=\frac{2}{5}\cdot \frac{6\cdot 7}{6\cdot 7}\\\\=\frac{2}{5}\cdot 1\end{array}[/latex]

[latex-display]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\frac{12}{35}\,}{\,\frac{6}{7}\,}=\normalsize\frac{2}{5}[/latex-display]

Example

Simplify.

[latex]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\,}{\,\frac{4}{5}-\frac{1}{10}\,}[/latex]

Answer: First combine the numerator and denominator by adding or subtracting. You may need to find a common denominator first. Note that we do not show the steps for finding a common denominator, so please review that in the previous section if you are confused.

[latex]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\,}{\,\frac{4}{5}-\frac{1}{10}\,}=\frac{\,\frac{5}{4}\,}{\,\frac{7}{10}\,}[/latex]

Rewrite the complex fraction as a division problem.

[latex]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\,\frac{5}{4}\,\,}{\,\,\frac{7}{10}\,\,}=\normalsize\frac{5}{4}\div \frac{7}{10}[/latex]

Rewrite the division as multiplication and take the reciprocal of the divisor.

[latex] =\dfrac{5}{4}\cdot \dfrac{10}{7}[/latex]

Multiply and simplify as needed.

[latex]\dfrac{5}{4}\cdot \dfrac{10}{7}=\dfrac{5\cdot5\cdot2}{2\cdot2\cdot7}=\dfrac{25}{14}[/latex]

[latex-display]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\,}{\,\frac{4}{5}-\frac{1}{10}\,}=\normalsize\frac{25}{14}[/latex-display]

Example

Simplify.

[latex]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\,\frac{x+5}{{{x}^{2}}-16}\,}{\,\,\frac{{{x}^{2}}-\,\,25}{x-4}\,}[/latex]

Answer: Rewrite the complex rational expression as a division problem.

[latex] =\dfrac{x+5}{{{x}^{2}}-16}\div \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}-25}{x-4}[/latex]

Rewrite the division as multiplication and take the reciprocal of the divisor. Note that the excluded values for this are [latex]-4[/latex], [latex]4[/latex], [latex]-5[/latex], and [latex]5[/latex], because those values make the denominators of one of the fractions zero.

[latex] =\dfrac{x+5}{{{x}^{2}}-16}\cdot \dfrac{x-4}{{{x}^{2}}-25}[/latex]

Factor the numerator and denominator, looking for common factors. In this case, [latex]x+5[/latex] and [latex]x–4[/latex] are common factors of the numerator and denominator.

[latex] \begin{array}{l}=\dfrac{(x+5)(x-4)}{(x+4)(x-4)(x+5)(x-5)}\\\\=\dfrac{1}{(x+4)(x-5)}\end{array}[/latex]

[latex-display]\displaystyle\Large \frac{\,\,\frac{x+5}{{{x}^{2}}-16}\,}{\,\,\frac{{{x}^{2}}-25}{x-4}\,}\normalsize=\frac{1}{(x+4)(x-5)},x\ne -4,4,-5,5[/latex-display]

Example

Simplify.

[latex] \displaystyle\dfrac{\,\,\normalsize1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}\,\,}{\,\,\normalsize1+\dfrac{5}{x}\normalsize+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}\,\,}[/latex]

Answer: Combine the expressions in the numerator and denominator. To do this, rewrite the expressions using a common denominator. There is an excluded value of [latex]0[/latex] because this makes the denominators of the fractions zero.

[latex] \begin{array}{l}=\frac{\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}}-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}}+\dfrac{5x}{{{x}^{2}}}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}}\\\\=\frac{\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}-9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}+5x+6}{{{x}^{2}}}}\end{array}[/latex]

Rewrite the complex rational expression as a division problem. (When you are comfortable with the step of rewriting the complex rational fraction as a division problem, you might skip this step and go straight to rewriting it as multiplication.)

[latex] =\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}-9}{{{x}^{2}}}\div \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}+5x+6}{{{x}^{2}}}[/latex]

Rewrite the division as multiplication and take the reciprocal of the divisor.

[latex] =\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}-9}{{{x}^{2}}}\cdot \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}+5x+6}[/latex]

Factor the numerator and denominator looking for common factors. In this case, [latex]x+3[/latex] and [latex]x^{2}[/latex] are common factors. We can now see there are two additional excluded values, [latex]-2[/latex] and [latex]-3[/latex].

[latex]\begin{array}{l}=\dfrac{(x+3)(x-3){{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}(x+3)(x+2)}\\\\=\dfrac{(x-3)}{(x+2)}\cdot \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}(x+3)}{{{x}^{2}}(x+3)}\end{array}[/latex]

[latex-display] \frac{1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{1+\dfrac{5}{x}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}}=\dfrac{x-3}{x+2},x\ne -3,-2,0[/latex-display]

Example

Simplify.

[latex] \frac{1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{1+\dfrac{5}{x}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}}[/latex]

Answer: Before combining the expressions, find a common denominator for all of the rational expressions. In this case, [latex]x^{2}[/latex] is a common denominator. Multiply by [latex]1[/latex] in the form of a fraction with the common denominator in both the numerator and denominator. In this case, multiply by [latex] \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}}[/latex]. There is an excluded value of [latex]0[/latex] because this makes the denominators of the fractions zero.

[latex] \begin{array}{l}=\frac{1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{1+\dfrac{5}{x}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}}\cdot \dfrac{{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}}\\\\=\dfrac{\left( 1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}} \right){{x}^{2}}}{\left( 1+\dfrac{5}{x}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}} \right){{x}^{2}}}\\\\=\dfrac{{{x}^{2}}-9}{{{x}^{2}}+5x+6}\end{array}[/latex]

Notice that the expression is no longer complex! You can simplify by factoring and identifying common factors. We can now see there are two additional excluded values, [latex]-2[/latex] and [latex]-3[/latex].

[latex] \begin{array}{l}=\dfrac{(x+3)(x-3)}{(x+3)(x+2)}\\\\=\dfrac{x+3}{x+3}\cdot \dfrac{x-3}{x+2}\\\\=1\cdot \dfrac{x-3}{x+2}\end{array}[/latex]

[latex-display] \frac{1-\dfrac{9}{{{x}^{2}}}}{1+\dfrac{5}{x}+\dfrac{6}{{{x}^{2}}}}=\dfrac{x-3}{x+2},x\ne -3,-2,0[/latex-display]