Reading: Average Rate of Change
Since functions represent how an output quantity varies with an input quantity, it is natural to ask about the rate at which the values of the function are changing. For example, the function C(t) below gives the average cost, in dollars, of a gallon of gasoline t years after 2000.t | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
C(t) | 1.47 | 1.69 | 1.94 | 2.30 | 2.51 | 2.64 | 3.01 | 2.14 |
Rate of Change
A rate of change describes how the output quantity changes in relation to the input quantity. The units on a rate of change are "output units per input units." Some other examples of rates of change would be quantities like:- A population of rats increases by 40 rats per week
- A barista earns $9 per hour (dollars per hour)
- A farmer plants 60,000 onions per acre
- A car can drive 27 miles per gallon
- A population of grey whales decreases by 8 whales per year
- The amount of money in your college account decreases by $4,000 per quarter
Average Rate of Change
The average rate of change between two input values is the total change of the function values (output values) divided by the change in the input values. Average rate of change =Example 1
Using the cost-of-gas function from earlier, find the average rate of change between 2007 and 2009 From the table, in 2007 the cost of gas was $2.64. In 2009 the cost was $2.14. The input (years) has changed by 2. The output has changed by $2.14 – $2.64 = –0.50. The average rate of change is then = –0.25 dollars per yearTry it Now 1
Using the same cost-of-gas function, find the average rate of change between 2003 and 2008 Notice that in the last example the change of output was negative since the output value of the function had decreased. Correspondingly, the average rate of change is negative.Example 2
Given the function g(t) shown here, find the average rate of change on the interval [0, 3]. At t = 0, the graph shows At t = 3, the graph shows The output has changed by 3 while the input has changed by 3, giving an average rate of change of:Example 3
On a road trip, after picking up your friend who lives 10 miles away, you decide to record your distance from home over time. Find your average speed over the first 6 hours.t (hours) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
D(t) (miles) | 10 | 55 | 90 | 153 | 214 | 240 | 292 | 300 |
Average Rate of Change using Function Notation
Given a function f(x), the average rate of change on the interval [a, b] is Average rate of change = [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{\text{Change of Output}}}{{\text{Change of Input}}}=\frac{{\Delta{y}}}{{\Delta{x}}}=\frac{{{y}_{{2}}-{y}_{{1}}}}{{{x}_{{2}}-{x}_{{1}}}}[/latex]Example 4
Compute the average rate of change of [latex]\displaystyle{f{(x)}={x}^{{2}}-\frac{{1}}{{x}}[/latex] on the interval [2, 4] We can start by computing the function values at each endpoint of the interval [latex-display]\displaystyle{f(2)}={2}^{{2}}-\frac{{1}}{{2}}={4}-\frac{{1}}{{4}}=\frac{{7}}{{2}}[/latex-display] [latex-display]\displaystyle{f(4)}={4}^{{2}}-\frac{{1}}{{4}}={16}-\frac{{1}}{{4}}=\frac{{63}}{{4}}[/latex-display] Now computing the average rate of change Average rate of change = [latex-display]\displaystyle\frac{{f(4)-f(2)}}{{{4}-{2}}}=\frac{{\frac{{63}}{{4}}-\frac{{7}}{{2}}}}{{{4}-{2}}}=\frac{{\frac{{49}}{{4}}}}{{2}}=\frac{{49}}{{8}}[/latex-display]Try it Now 2
Find the average rate of change of [latex]\displaystyle{f(x)}={x}-{2}\sqrt{{x}}[/latex] on the interval [1, 9]Example 5
The magnetic force F, measured in Newtons, between two magnets is related to the distance between the magnets d, in centimeters, by the formula [latex]\displaystyle{F(d)}=\frac{{2}}{{{d}^{{2}}}}[/latex]. Find the average rate of change of force if the distance between the magnets is increased from 2 cm to 6 cm. We are computing the average rate of change of [latex]\displaystyle{F(d)}=\frac{{2}}{{{d}^{{2}}}}[/latex]on the interval [2, 6] Average rate of change [latex]\displaystyle=\frac{{{F(6)}-{F(2)}}}{{{6}-{2}}}[/latex]Evaluating the Function | |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{F(6)}-{F(2)}}}{{{6}-{2}}}[/latex] | |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{\frac{{2}}{{6}^{{2}}}-\frac{{2}}{{2}^{{2}}}}}{{{6}-{2}}}[/latex] | Simplifying |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{\frac{{2}}{{36}}-\frac{{2}}{{4}}}}{{4}}[/latex] | Combing the numerator terms |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{\frac{{-{16}}}{{36}}}}{{4}}[/latex] | Simplifying further |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{-{1}}}{{9}}[/latex] | Newtons per centimeter |
Example 6
Find the average rate of change of g(t) = t2 + 3t + 1on the interval [0, a]. Your answer will be an expression involving a.Evaluating the Function | |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{g(a)} -{g(0)}}}{{{a}-{0}}}[/latex] | |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{({a}^{{2}}+{3}{a}+{1})}-{({0}^{{2}}-{3}{({0})}+{1})}}}{{{a}-{0}}}[/latex] | Simplifying |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{a}^{{2}}+{3}{a}+{1}-{1}}}{{a}}[/latex] | Simplifying further, and factoring |
[latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{a}{({a}+{3})}}}{{a}}[/latex] | Canceling the common factor [latex]\displaystyle{a}[/latex] |
[latex]\displaystyle{a}+{3}[/latex] |
Try it Now 3
Find the average rate of change of f(x) = x3 + 2 on the interval [a,a + h].Important Topics of This Section
- Rate of Change
- Average Rate of Change
- Calculating Average Rate of Change using Function Notation
Try it Now Answers
1. [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{${3.01}-${1.69}}}{{{5}\text{years}}}=\frac{{${1.32}}}{{{5}{\text{years}}}=[/latex]0.264 dollars per year. 2. Average rate of change [latex]\displaystyle=\frac{{{f{{({9})}}}-{f{{({1})}}}}}{{{9}-{1}}}=\frac{{{({9}-{2}\sqrt{{9}})}-{({1}-{2}\sqrt{{1}})}}}{{{9}-{1}}}=\frac{{{3}-{(-{1})}}}{{{9}-{1}}}=\frac{{4}}{{8}}=\frac{{1}}{{2}}[/latex] 3. [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{f{{({a}+{h})}}}-{f{{({a})}}}}}{{{({a}+{h})}-{a}}}=\frac{{{({({a}+{h})}^{{3}}+{2})}-{({a}^{{3}}+{2})}}}{{h}}=\frac{{{a}^{{3}}+{3}{a}^{{2}}{h}+{3}{a}{h}^{{2}}+{h}^{{3}}+{2}-{a}^{{3}}-{2}}}{{h}}=\frac{{{3}{a}^{{2}}{h}+{3}{a}{h}^{{2}}+{h}^{{3}}}}{{h}}=\frac{{{h}{({3}{a}^{{2}}+{3}{a}{h}+{h}^{{2}})}}}{{h}}={3}{a}^{{2}}+{3}{a}{h}+{h}^{{2}}[/latex]Licenses & Attributions
CC licensed content, Shared previously
- Precalculus: An Investigation of Functions. Authored by: David Lippman and Melonie Rasmussen. License: CC BY: Attribution.