| Progressive effects of alcohol |
| BAC (% by vol.) |
Behavior |
Impairment |
| 0.001–0.029 |
- Average individual appears normal
|
- Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests
|
| 0.030–0.059 |
- Mild euphoria
- Relaxation
- Joyousness
- Talkativeness
- Decreased inhibition
|
|
| 0.060–0.099 |
- Blunted feelings
- Reduced sensitivity to pain
- Euphoria
- Disinhibition
- Extroversion
|
- Reasoning
- Depth perception
- Peripheral vision
- Glare recovery
|
| 0.100–0.199 |
- Overexpression
- Boisterousness
- Possibility of nausea and vomiting
|
- Reflexes
- Reaction time
- Gross motor control
- Staggering
- Slurred speech
- Temporary erectile dysfunction
|
| 0.200–0.299 |
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Emotional swings
- Anger or sadness
- Partial loss of understanding
- Impaired sensations
- Decreased libido
- Possibility of stupor
|
- Severe motor impairment
- Loss of consciousness
- Memory blackout
|
| 0.300–0.399 |
- Stupor
- Central nervous system depression
- Loss of understanding
- Lapses in and out of consciousness
- Low possibility of death
|
- Bladder function
- Breathing
- Dysequilibrium
- Heart rate
|
| 0.400–0.500 |
- Severe central nervous system depression
- Coma
- Possibility of death
|
- Breathing
- Heart rate
- Positional Alcohol Nystagmus
|
| >0.50 |
- High risk of poisoning
- High possibility of death
|
|
You might be surprised to learn that applications of linear equations turn up in many places besides math classrooms. Knowing how to solve them is a basic math skill used in nearly every academic discipline and in many jobs. One of the fundamental principles of solving linear equations is that of reversing or undoing mathematical operations such as addition and subtraction. To see a linear equation in action, let's consider one that's used by forensic scientists to calculate blood alcohol content.
Not surprisingly, blood alcohol content (BAC) is a measurement of how much alcohol is in someone’s blood. It's usually measured in grams and as a percentage. For example, a BAC of 0.30% is three-tenths of 1%, and it indicates that there are 3 grams of alcohol for every 1,000 grams of blood—which is actually a lot. A BAC of 0.05% impairs reasoning and the ability to concentrate. A BAC of 0.30% can lead to a blackout, shortness of breath, and loss of bladder control. In most states, the legal limit for driving is a BAC of 0.08%.
BAC is usually determined by the results of a breathalyzer, urinalysis, or blood test. Swedish physician E. M. P. Widmark developed an equation that works well for estimating BAC without using one of those tests. Widmark's formula is widely used by forensic scientists:
[latex-display]\text{B} = -0.015t +\left(\frac{2.84N}{Wg}\right)[/latex-display]
where
