Exercises

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is the cardinality of B? A ⋃ B, A ⋂ B?

Answer: The cardinality of B is 4, since there are 4 elements in the set. The cardinality of A ⋃ B is 7, since A ⋃ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, which contains 7 elements. The cardinality of A ⋂ B is 3, since A ⋂ B = {2, 4, 6}, which contains 3 elements.

Exercises

What is the cardinality of P = the set of English names for the months of the year?

Answer: The cardinality of this set is 12, since there are 12 months in the year. Sometimes we may be interested in the cardinality of the union or intersection of sets, but not know the actual elements of each set. This is common in surveying.

 

Exercises

A survey asks 200 people “What beverage do you drink in the morning”, and offers choices:

• Tea only
• Coffee only
• Both coffee and tea

Suppose 20 report tea only, 80 report coffee only, 40 report both.   How many people drink tea in the morning? How many people drink neither tea or coffee?

Answer: This question can most easily be answered by creating a Venn diagram. We can see that we can find the people who drink tea by adding those who drink only tea to those who drink both: 60 people. We can also see that those who drink neither are those not contained in the any of the three other groupings, so we can count those by subtracting from the cardinality of the universal set, 200. 200 – 20 – 80 – 40 = 60 people who drink neither.

Example

A survey asks:   Which online services have you used in the last month:

• Twitter
• Facebook
• Have used both

The results show 40% of those surveyed have used Twitter, 70% have used Facebook, and 20% have used both. How many people have used neither Twitter or Facebook?

Answer: Let T be the set of all people who have used Twitter, and F be the set of all people who have used Facebook. Notice that while the cardinality of F is 70% and the cardinality of T is 40%, the cardinality of F ⋃ T is not simply 70% + 40%, since that would count those who use both services twice. To find the cardinality of F ⋃ T, we can add the cardinality of F and the cardinality of T, then subtract those in intersection that we’ve counted twice. In symbols, n(F ⋃ T) = n(F) + n(T) – n(F ⋂ T) n(F ⋃ T) = 70% + 40% – 20% = 90%

Example

Now, to find how many people have not used either service, we’re looking for the cardinality of (F ⋃ T)c .

Answer: Since the universal set contains 100% of people and the cardinality of F ⋃ T = 90%, the cardinality of (F ⋃ T)c must be the other 10%.

Example

Fifty students were surveyed, and asked if they were taking a social science (SS), humanities (HM) or a natural science (NS) course the next quarter. 21 were taking a SS course                  26 were taking a HM course 19 were taking a NS course                 9 were taking SS and HM 7 were taking SS and NS                     10 were taking HM and NS 3 were taking all three                         7 were taking none How many students are only taking a SS course?

Answer: It might help to look at a Venn diagram. From the given data, we know that there are 3 students in region e and 7 students in region h. Since 7 students were taking a SS and NS course, we know that n(d) + n(e) = 7. Since we know there are 3 students in region 3, there must be 7 – 3 = 4 students in region d. Similarly, since there are 10 students taking HM and NS, which includes regions e and f, there must be 10 – 3 = 7 students in region f. Since 9 students were taking SS and HM, there must be 9 – 3 = 6 students in region b. Now, we know that 21 students were taking a SS course. This includes students from regions a, b, d, and e. Since we know the number of students in all but region a, we can determine that 21 – 6 – 4 – 3 = 8 students are in region a. 8 students are taking only a SS course.