What is the integral of 1/(cos(x)-1) ?

The integral of 1/(cos(x)-1) is cot(x/2)+C

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integral of 1/(cos(x)-1)

\int \frac{1}{cos ( x ) - 1} d x

cot (\frac{x}{2}) + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{1}{cos ( x ) - 1} d x

Apply u-substitution

: \int - \frac{1}{u ^{2}} d u

= \int - \frac{1}{u ^{2}} d u

Take the constant out:

\int a \cdot f (x) d x = a \cdot \int f (x) d x

= - \int \frac{1}{u ^{2}} d u

Apply the Power Rule

: - \frac{1}{u}

= - (- \frac{1}{u})

Substitute back

u = tan (\frac{x}{2})

= - (- \frac{1}{tan ( \frac{x}{2} )})

Simplify

- (- \frac{1}{tan ( \frac{x}{2} )}) : cot (\frac{x}{2})

= cot (\frac{x}{2})

Add a constant to the solution

= cot (\frac{x}{2}) + C

x \to 0 lim (\frac{5 ^{x} - 1}{x})

y = x^{e}

\int sin (7 x) cos (4 x) d x

\int x^{3} e^{- 3 x} d x

y^{^{''}} + y = csc^{2} (t)

What is the integral of 1/(cos(x)-1) ?
The integral of 1/(cos(x)-1) is cot(x/2)+C